Encapsulation of anti-VEGF nanobody into niosome nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance circulation half life and efficacy

This study aimed to encapsulate an anti-VEGF nanobody (Nb) within niosome nanoparticles (NNPs) to enhance its circulation half life. Key parameters such as encapsulation efficiency, stability, Nb release, cytotoxicity, and cell migration inhibition in HUVEC cells were evaluated, along with pharmacokinetic studies in mice. Nb-loaded NNPs (Nb-NNPs) were successfully prepared with an encapsulation efficiency of 78.3 ± 3.2% and demonstrated stability over one month. <i>In vitro</i> assays revealed that Nb-NNPs enhanced cytotoxicity and significantly reduced cell migration in HUVEC cells compared to free Nb (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Pharmacokinetic studies in mice demonstrated a dramatically reduced elimination rate constant (0.025 h^-1 vs. 0.843 h^-1) and an extended terminal half life (27.721 h vs. 0.822 h), indicating slower clearance and prolonged systemic presence. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of Nb-NNPs to provide sustained and potent therapeutic effects, contributing valuable insights for advancing targeted therapeutic strategies.