Influence of Chromium(VI) on the Environment and Metabolic Processes in the Body

Cr(VI) is a heavy metal characterized by potent toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and prooxidant properties. Cr(VI) is one of the eight metals that are among the most toxic compounds and are of great concern to scientists due to the global risk to human health. In recent years, Cr(VI) has attracted the attention of environmental researchers due to the increased level of ecosystem contamination by Cr compounds in many countries. The toxic and carcinogenic effects of Cr(VI) in cells of living organisms are realized through the activation of three main mechanisms: oxidative stress, direct damage to cellular DNA, and disruption of epigenetic mechanisms of genome regulation. The review brings together updated data on the main mechanisms of Cr(VI) toxicity and the protective role of antioxidants in cells of living organisms poisoned by the corresponding heavy metal. The review also summarizes the currently available information on the negative impact of Cr(VI) compounds on the environment and Cr(VI)-induced disorders of pro/antioxidant status, hematological profile, and lipid and protein metabolism.