A Comprehensive Analysis of Level of Service Frameworks in Water Infrastructure Asset Management: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions

This literature review examines the Level of Service (LoS) in water infrastructure asset management in the United States. LoS frameworks are crucial for measuring the quality and reliability of water services, encompassing regulatory compliance and stakeholder expectations. The review discusses existing research on LoS implementation, the challenges of aging infrastructure, and the urgent need for resilient water systems in the face of climate change and regulatory uncertainties. It highlights significant federal initiatives, such as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, while recognizing utilities' financial and regulatory challenges. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of stakeholder engagement, sustainability, and the integration of emerging technologies in fulfilling current and future service expectations. The literature suggests redefining LoS frameworks to better align with contemporary needs, focusing on enhancing resilience and ensuring sustainable water service delivery. Ultimately, adapting LoS practices will be pivotal for addressing the evolving challenges within the water sector and meeting the demands of both regulators and the public. Keywords: Level of Service (LoS), Water Infrastructure, Asset Management, Resilience Stakeholder Engagement, Bipartisan Infrastructure Law