The Main Driving Factors of Optimal Global Population

With the global population surpassing 8 billion, defining the optimal population size has never been more critical or complex. Carrying capacity and optimal population theory is crucial in understanding the relationship between population size and available resources. As illustrated in ecological economics, the theoretical concept of carrying capacity is that there is a maximum population size that the environment can sustain without degradation forever. On the other hand, optimum population theory posits that an optimum population size maximizes per capita income and welfare by striking a balance between the benefits of a larger workforce and market size against the costs of overpopulation. This article delves into the definition and influencing factors of the optimal global population, emphasizing the key roles of economic stability, resource allocation, and social welfare in defining the optimal population through multidimensional analysis of labor dynamics, population changes, technological development, and social security systems in China and India. At the same time, this article points out the limitations of existing research and proposes suggestions for future research and policy-making.