Dynamic Stability for Seismic-Excited Earth Retaining Structures Following a Nonlinear Criterion

Based on the upper bound limit analysis, the multi-log spiral failure mechanism for earth retaining structures under horizontal seismic loads was constructed, which could introduce the nonlinear strength criterion into stability analysis without any linearization technique. By calculating various external work rates and the internal energy dissipation, the energy balance equation was established, and the active earth pressure formula required for the retaining structure to be in a critical stable state was derived. With the application of a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, the optimal upper bound solutions of active earth pressure coefficients were obtained. The validity of the research results was verified through comparative analysis. This paper provided diagrams of the active earth pressure coefficients required for earth retaining structures to maintain a critical stability state under different parameters. The influences of seismic load, slope inclination angle, soil strength tension cutoff (TC), and the δ/ϕ ratio were investigated. By investigating the design charts, the active earth pressures applicable to practical engineering can be obtained, which provide a theoretical basis for the preliminary design of retaining structures in earthquake-prone areas.