Evaluating Thyroid Hormones and Glycemic Parameters in Diabetic Patients: Insights from Kirkuk Governorate

Chronic metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus, which is typified by persistent hyperglycemia, can have a detrimental effect on a patient's quality of life and increase mortality rates. Complications include renal failure, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases are common. Because poor protein synthesis and glucose metabolism increase the risk of subsequent difficulties, co-occurring hyperthyroidism in diabetes individuals exacerbates glucose management even more. Plasma protein levels can be dramatically affected by the dysregulation of proteins, such as albumin and globulin, which are essential for many physiological processes and can be dysregulated in diseases including diabetes and hyperthyroidism. By comparing the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, and oxidative stress biomarkers, such as free amines, thiols, and carbonyls, in diabetic patients with and without hyperthyroidism to healthy controls, this study investigates the molecular pathways causing diabetes complications. Significant differences in oxidative stress and protein indicators are found in these patients, which sheds light on the biochemical abnormalities they have and opens up new therapy options that target oxidative stress and protein metabolism.