A Cross-Sectional Study of the Maternal Health Factors: The Interplay Between Breastfeeding Patterns, Gut Microbiota, Anemia, and Cardiovascular Risk in Lactating Mothers

Objective This cross-sectional study explored the interplay between breastfeeding patterns, gut microbiota composition, anemia, and cardiovascular risk in lactating mothers. The study examined how these factors contribute to postpartum maternal and infant health outcomes. Methods Forty-five lactating mothers, with a mean age of 32.73 years, participated in the study. Data on breastfeeding patterns, gut microbiota composition, anemia, and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Microbial diversity was assessed, and associations with comorbidities and infections were explored. Statistical analyses, including chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, were performed to evaluate the relationships between these variables. Results Among the participants, 35.6% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, and 46.7% were classified as obese (BMI ≥30). Gut microbiota analysis revealed a prevalence of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (31.1%) and Lactobacillus (26.7%). Mothers with lower microbial diversity exhibited higher rates of infections (31.1% yeast infections and 26.7% UTIs) and comorbidities, including gestational diabetes (42.2%) and hypertension (13.3%). Cardiovascular risk was elevated among obese mothers, with 37.8% requiring cardiac medications. Anemia was prevalent, with 42.2% of mothers on folic acid supplements and 31.1% on iron supplements. Conclusion The study highlighted significant associations between obesity, gut microbiota diversity, and cardiovascular risk. Exclusive breastfeeding was linked to a higher prevalence of anemia treatment, suggesting potential nutritional challenges. Further research is necessary to develop interventions targeting maternal health during lactation.