Computational Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer in Ternary Nanofluid (Al₂O₃ + CuO + TiO₂/H₂O) Flowing Past a Porous Stretching Sheet with Temperature Dependent Viscosity and Viscous Dissipation

The main objective of this study is to develop a two-dimensional mathematical model to understand the heat transfer phenomenon across a stretched surface in a ternary hybrid nanofluid. A ternary hybrid nanofluid, also known as a tri-hybrid nanofluid, consists of three different types of nanoparticles dispersed within a base fluid, resulting in a complex and advanced type of nanofluid. Al 2 O 3 –CuO–TiO 2 –H 2 O combination is formed in this study by dispersing the nanoparticles of Al 2 O 3 , CuO and TiO 2 into water. This mixture helps to cool other appliances, break down hazardous contaminants, and purify the surroundings. The impact of temperature-dependent viscosity as well as viscous dissipation are discussed. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are created from governing PDE utilizing similarity transformations. In MATLAB software, bvp4c method can then be used to solve these transformed equations. In this study, incorporated viscous dissipation terms into the energy equations, and the effects of radiation were accurately addressed using the Rosseland approximation. The study also takes into account the impact of nanoparticles, specifically Al 2 O 3 , CuO and TiO 2 . Key parameters have been extensively illustrated in graphical form for clarity and better understanding. A detailed analysis and discussion are provided of the effects of distinct parameters on the temperature as well as velocity profiles. This work is novel in that it modifies the momentum equation by including variable viscosity in conjunction with natural convection and viscous dissipation in the energy equation.