Enhancing Load Frequency Control in DG-Integrated Power Systems Using Advanced PID Optimization

The integration of distributed generation (DG) sources—such as thermal power systems, fuel cells, wind turbines, battery energy storage systems, diesel engines, aqua electrolysers, and electric vehicles—has fundamentally transformed energy management strategies in contemporary power systems. This research rigorously evaluates and optimizes ANN-PID, GOA-PID, and FO-PID controllers for load frequency control (LFC) within DG-integrated frameworks. Addressing the critical challenges of grid stability and system frequency regulation amidst dynamic load variations and generation fluctuations, the study exhibits that the FO-PID controller excels its ANN-PID and GOA-PID counterparts. The FO-PID controller's advanced fractional calculus approach offers superior precision in control parameter tuning, resulting in enhanced efficiency, reliability, and robustness in managing LFC. The comprehensive simulations and optimizations confirm the FO-PID controller's exceptional capability in advancing load-frequency control, thereby contributing to the development of more sophisticated and resilient power grid systems.