Comprehensive Survey of Blockchain Techniques, Applications and Challenges: An In-Depth Analysis

The accelerated pace of technological development such as Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud and Edge Computing, is reshaping modern system management. IoT connects billions of devices, enhancing information sharing and improving daily life. Incorporating blockchain with Edge computing guarantes secure and reliable access and control over distributed networks, providing extensive services, storage, and validation closer to users. Big Data technologies analyze vast amounts of information to extract valuable insights, but managing and securing this data across distributed networks poses significant challenges. Blockchain, with its distributed and tamper resistant characteristics, tackles these issues by offering enhanced security and management capabilities. Blockchain’s transparent and immutable ledger, supported by consensus mechanisms, strengthens decentralized systems by ensuring the integrity of transaction histories without relying on a central authority. Originally associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain is now being explored for various applications incorporating Big Data, Identity Management, IoT, Cloud and Edge Computing. Its capability guarantees the transparency and traceability which marks valuable in areas like healthcare, supply chain management and finance, where it helps reduce fraud, improve compliance, and streamline processes. Despite its potential, blockchain faces challenges related to platform integration, high computational requirements, scalability, and security vulnerabilities. Addressing these issues is important for extensive adoption and effectiveness. This paper intention is to provide an extensive analysis of blockchain technology, examining its applications, benefits and challenges, while offering insights into its potential to drive innovation and enhance systems across diverse sectors.