Emerging trends of biohydrogen ecosystem on environmental sustainability: A case study

The greatest threat to humanity is now considered climate change. Biomass as a renewable energy source is treated as one of the clean energy sources that help meet humanity's energy needs. In the transition to a new energy system based on renewable energies, biomass can be crucial. This paper particularly focuses on a new biohydrogen (bioH 2 ) ecosystem development concept for communities to provide global and local sustainable and green energy, considering the biomass-to-bioenergy nexus. In this regard, the paper further discusses the different bioH 2 ecosystem concepts and emerging trends where biomass and renewable resources are utilized for energy production. In addition, the bioenergy production potentials of different agricultural crop wastes are evaluated for different end-use purposes like electricity, heat, cogeneration, and transport. In parallel to its high bioenergy yield, the highest total energy (83,686.8 GJ) and gross electricity (4686.5 MWh) production values were observed for the olive cake waste. Moreover, the biomethane and bioethanol production potentials of the crop wastes are evaluated. The highest biomethane yield of 253.7 m 3 /ha with a total bioenergy production of 40,662.6 GJ was obtained for the maize stover waste, while its bioethanol production was 505.7 L/ha. Consequently, the bioH 2 ecosystem with biomass utilization reveales as a sustainable and green way of providing future energy for communities owing to the great potential of crop wastes for bioenergy production. • The unique biohydrogen ecosystem concepts are evaluated for sustainable bioenergy. • The bioenergy potentials of the crop wastes are projected for various end uses. • The highest total energy production of 83,686.8 GJ is observed for the olive cake waste. • The highest biomethane yield of 253.7 m 3 /ha is obtained for the maize stover waste. • Bioenergy utilization appears to be environmentally benign and sustainable.