Comprehensive characterization of tobacco-induced changes in enamel surface topography

The combined use of AFM, stylus profilometry, and spectrophotometry provided a comprehensive assessment of the impact of tobacco staining on enamel translucency and surface roughness. The findings show that as staining severity increases, enamel translucency diminishes, and surface roughness worsens. These alterations not only affect the aesthetic appearance of teeth but also have potential implications for enamel functionality and long-term oral health.