Innovations in Fire Detection and Suppression Systems for Oil Refinery Operations

Oil refineries are prone to high fire hazards that involve volatile chemicals combined with extremely high temperatures in confined spaces. These call for advanced fire suppression and emergency response suppression systems. Whereas the traditional sprinkling of water and foam agents have widely been in use, recent studies through the periods of 2020-2024 indicate their inefficiency in effective control within refinery environs on such grounds as water use, environmental impact and adaptability to hydrocarbon-based fires. Those involving automated detection with IoT and AI in predictive fire monitoring, water mist systems for effective flame cooling and control at minimum water consumption and eco-friendly fluorine-free foam agents contribute less to environmental damage. Hybrid suppression technologies, firefighting drones, robots, VR/AR-based emergency training have developed enhanced safety protocols via faster and more focused responses. However, huge gaps exist in scaling these technologies to sustain extreme temperatures and spatial challenges imposed by refineries, apart from all other maintenance issues, cost-effectiveness and regulatory compliance. This review integrates recent progress, confronts such technologies' effectiveness and economic impact, and proposes future research routes focused on sustainability and autonomy while calling for industrial collaboration and adaptive regulations that support even safer and more resilient refinery operations. In all, sensor-fusion systems have been pointed out as the most effective for oil refineries in terms of fire detection. In contrast, firefighting robots and drone delivery systems remain the most reliable for fire suppression. With continuous research, new technology investment and strategic collaboration, the industry will be assured of improved fire safety, contributing to a more sustainable future toward refinery operation globally.