Anti-inflammatory effects of Andrographis paniculata (Fah Talai Jone) via TNFα-JNK pathway and bioactive compound identification

• Andrographis paniculata (Fah Talai Jone) extracts exhibit anti-inflammation properties. • Andrographolide was found of A. paniculata extracts and displayed phenolic, flavoniod and antioxidant activities. • A paniculata extracts were found to have a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by H₂O₂. Andrographis paniculata (Fah Talai Jone), a widely used medicinal plant in traditional medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates its bioactive compounds and their role in alleviating inflammation through the TNF-α-JNK pathway. The aim of this study was to identify bioactive compounds in A. paniculata extracts and evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects, focusing on the TNF-α-JNK pathway. Experimental research was conducted to assess the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of both ethanol (APE) and aqueous (APA) extracts of A. paniculata using in vitro methods. Ethanol (APE) and aqueous (APA) extracts of A. paniculata were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound identification using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay, and the anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through cellular assays measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and JNK pathway modulation. HPLC analysis identified andrographolide as the primary bioactive compound in APE (186.6 ± 2.53 µg/mg). APE exhibited higher phenolic (8.66 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (156.33 ± 4.76 mg QE/g) content compared to APA. Antioxidant assays revealed IC50 values of 11.14 ± 1.07 µg/ml for APA and 2.29 ± 0.13 µg/ml for APE. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that both extracts were non-toxic to lung cells. APE significantly reduced ROS production (68.3 ± 7.64 % at 62.5 µg/ml) and decreased JNK phosphorylation, indicating its anti-inflammatory potential. Andrographis paniculata , particularly its ethanol extract, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects mediated by andrographolide. These findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing inflammation.