Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on CPDs-WO₃/MXene Bilayer Film for Triethylamine Sensing and Fish Meat Spoilage Detection

With the increasing demand for food safety monitoring, the development of efficient, convenient, and green gas sensors has become a current research hotspot. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a triethylamine sensor is a cutting-edge strategy for detection without the need for an additional power source. In this study, synthesized WO₃/MXene materials were prepared and bilayer thin films of carbon quantum dots (CPDs)-WO₃/MXene TENG. WO₃ provides more active sites for improved material charge transfer efficiency. TENG achieved a maximum open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 30 V. The CPDs-WO₃/MXene-3 TENG can also be used as a self-powered gas sensor (SPGS). As a charge-trapping layer, CPDs exhibit excellent charge trapping. The SPGS has a 53% response to 200 ppm TEA, and low detection at ppb level (139 ppb). The presence of WO₃ improves the gas-sensing performance. Additionally, CPDs possess excellent conductivity and moisture resistance. Finally, it was studied to see how it reacts to TEA in fish meat under different conditions of spoilage. It provides approach to solving the transportation and preservation problems of fish meat.