<i>Euclid</i> preparation
Galaxy proto-clusters are receiving increased interest since most of the processes shaping the structure of clusters of galaxies and their galaxy population happen at the early stages of their formation. The Euclid Survey will provide a unique opportunity to discover a large number of proto-clusters over a large fraction of the sky (14 500 deg 2 ). In this paper, we explore the expected observational properties of proto-clusters in the Euclid Wide Survey by means of theoretical models and simulations. We provide an overview of the predicted proto-cluster extent, galaxy density profiles, mass-richness relations, abundance, and sky-filling as a function of redshift. Useful analytical approximations for the functions of these properties are provided. The focus is on the redshift range z = 1.5 − 4. In particular we discuss the density contrast with which proto-clusters can be observed against the background in the galaxy distribution if photometric galaxy redshifts are used as supplied by the ESA Euclid mission together with the ground-based photometric surveys. We show that the obtainable detection significance is sufficient to find large numbers of interesting proto-cluster candidates. For quantitative studies, additional spectroscopic follow-up is required to confirm the proto-clusters and establish their richness.
Authors
- A Hall (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-8651)
- G. Seidel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-353X)
- J. Graciá‐Carpio
- M. Ballardini
- M. Calabrese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-2422)
- G. Mainetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2384-2377)
- P. Tallada-Crespí (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-8328)
- S Matthew
- G. Riccio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7020-1172)
- F. Gianotti
- C. Sirignano
- M. Brescia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-5680)
- M. Kunz
- I. Ferrero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-1132)
- M. Maturi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-2422)
- J. Hjorth
- A. Blanchard
- G. Meylan
- E. Gaztanaga
- J. Carretero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0204)
- S Bardelli
- J. García-Bellido (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-8360)
- S. Borgani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6151-6439)
- A.G Ferrari
- S. Di Domizio
- G. Zamorani
- I. Lloro
- O. Marggraf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-3852)
- Marta Spinelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0148-3254)
- N. A. Hatch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-0534)
- J. F. Macías–Pérez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-2763)
- Y. Copin
- P. Schneider
- B Joachimi
- A. Troja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-4595)
- F Courbin
- T. Schlenker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6916-1038)
- M. Jhabvala
- F. Torradeflot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1160-1517)
- A. Díaz‐Sánchez
- E Maiorano
- G. Gozaliasl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-919X)
- G. Desprez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-1742)
- F Faustini
- Francisco Javier Castander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7316-4573)
- M. Bolzonella
- J Steinwagner
- C.J.A.P. Martins
- F. Marulli
- V. Capobianco
- S.-M Niemi
- L. Gabarra
- M Miluzio
- Fabio Fontanot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-0188)
- M. Magliocchetti
- A. Grazian
- S. V. H. Haugan
- V. Popa
- D. Vergani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0898-2216)
- T. Vassallo
- S. Andreon
- C.J. Conselice
- C. Valieri
- G. Castignani
- Valérie Gautard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7878-2785)
- G. Polenta
- R. Toledo-Moreo
- S Bruton
- M. Moresco
- J. Brinchmann
- E. Zucca
- G. De Lucia
- D. Sapone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-4503)
- M. Meneghetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-7084)
- N. Martinet
- D. Bonino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-9977)
- C. Colodro-Conde
- J. J. E. Kajava
- A. Veropalumbo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-1194)
- G. Sirri
- A. Cappi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-7167)
- T.I Liaudat
- W. Holmes
- M. Costanzi
- A. Kiessling
- H. Hildebrandt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-3338)
- A. Fontana
- C. Mancini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-0561)
- E. Romelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-9222)
- A. M. Di Giorgio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-2360)
- H. Degaudenzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5887-6799)
- A. Cimatti
- O. Mansutti
- I Risso
- V. Allevato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-5152)
- J. Väliviita
- N. Aghanim
- L. Moscardini
- D. Karagiannis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4927-0816)
- S. Escoffier
- S. Casas
- T. Castro
- M. Kilbinger
- L Blot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-7167)
- B. Gillis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-1270)
- C. Porciani
- W. Gillard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-9748)
- M Sahlén (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0973-4804)
- F. Dubath (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-2810)
- R. B. Metcalf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3167-2574)
- F. Fornari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2979-6738)
- A. Hornstrup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3363-0936)
- E. Medinaceli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-7783)
- F. Hormuth
- M. Pöntinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-2530)
- Francesco Shankar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-5051)
- M Baldi
- Harry Gully (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-7278)
- Chihiro Tao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8817-0589)
- K. Jahnkę (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-2137)
- B. Altieri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-0284)
- A. Secroun
- M. Farina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-7846)
- Antonello Calabrò (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-1614)
- F. Mannucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-2381)
- F. Pasian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-3227)
- S Dusini
- C.A.J Duncan
- V. Kansal
- S Anselmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-9583)
- S. Ligori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-4606)
- M. Archidiacono
- F. Giacomini
- S Paltani
- S. Galeotta
- J. Weller
- Eduardo Bañados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-7824)
- F. Raison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-6918)
- A. Balaguera-Antolínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5028-3035)
- E. Franceschi
- L. Stanco
- L. Patrizii
- M. Poncet
- P. Gómez-Álvarez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-5358)
- S. Ettori
- P. Monaco
- Ariel G. Sánchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-831X)
- M. Scodeggio
- M. Schirmer
- N. A. Walton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-8778)
- C Giocoli
- K. Markovič
- R. Cabanac
- S. Camera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-3574)
- Z. Sakr
- K Tanidis
- L. Legrand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0610-5252)
- E. Bozzo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8201-1525)
- S. Maurogordato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-7765)
- S. Mei
- J. Stadel
- Asantha Cooray
- K. C. Chambers
- F. Finelli⋆ (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6694-3269)
- J. Dinis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-1601)
- V. Lindholm
- H. Dannerbauer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-3575)
- N. Mauri
- L. Conversi
- P.-F Rocci
- E. Keihänen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-7715)
- M Viel
- B. Sartoris
- S. Cavuoti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-4196)
- N. Auricchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-8651)
- V. Scottez
- M. Frailis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2135)
- M. Fumana
- A. Spurio Mancini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-0990)
- V. Pettorino
- R Massey
- P. Šimon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-9975)
- W.G Hartley
- F. Grupp
- P. Hudelot
- K. Ganga
- C. Carbone
- S. Kermiche
- Michael Tobias Hirschmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-424X)
- Arthur Loureiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-0876)
- F Caro
- Sune Toft (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-7176)
- S.A Stanford
- J. M. Diego (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-3926)
- Y. Mellier
- R. Teyssier
- V. Pettorino
- P. B. Lilje
- Chiara Moretti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3314-8936)
- A.N. Taylor
- M. Douspis
- S. Serrano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-2861)
- C.S. Carvalho
- S. Contarini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9843-723X)
- E. Rossetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-4047)
- M. Sereno
- Brian De (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3468-3359)
- C. Burigana
- Aurel Schneider
- D. Potter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-5195)
- E. Branchini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-6908)
- M. Kümmel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-2117)
- Anthony H. Gonzalez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-8601)
- L. Pozzetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7085-0412)
- Y. Akrami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-7956)
- F. Atrio‐Barandela
- H. M. Courtois (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0509-1776)
- Yun Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-2984)
- A. Da Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-1609)
- L. Maurin
- C. M. Gutiérrez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-783X)
- A. Jiménez Muñoz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5252-185X)
- S Alvi
- S. Paltani
- C. C. Kirkpatrick
- M. Roncarelli
- M. Tucci
- M. Tenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-5901)
- L. Popa
- S. Farrens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-8132)
- I. Tereno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-6218)
- M. Martinelli
- O Cucciati
- J. Rhodes
- I Tutusaus
- M. Castellano
- G. Morgante
- H. Kurki‐Suonio
- M. Wiesmann
- P. Fosalba
- G. Maggio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-4836)
- C. Baccigalupi
- G. Chon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-1970)
- J.A. Escartin Vigo
- D. Di Ferdinando
- B. Kubik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5823-4880)
- Y. Ascasíbar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-2479)
- R. Saglia
- M. Schultheis
- G. Congedo
- G. Testera
- G Verza
- C. Bodendorf
- A. Mora
- S. Tosi
- P.G Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4056-1381)
- H. Böhringer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-4204)
- J. Lesgourgues
- R. Rebolo
- A. Renzi
- A Montoro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-8590)
Institutions
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR)
- Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (FR)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (FR)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Saint Joseph University (LB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Durham University (GB)
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Université Côte d'Azur (FR)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (FR)
- Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT)
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (FR)
- Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT)
- European Space Agency (FR)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (IT)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (ES)
- University of Florida (US)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Técnicas Reunidas (Spain) (ES)
- Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR)
- Janssen (France) (FR)
- Max Planck Institute for Physics (DE)
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories (FR)
- Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics (AU)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES)
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ES)
- Centre de physique des particules de Marseille (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Royal Observatory (GB)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Lagrange Laboratory (FR)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Château Gombert (FR)
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT)
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (FR)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT)
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR)
- Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary (RO)
- Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Port d'Informació Científica (ES)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IT)
- Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR)
- Flatiron Health (United States) (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT)
- European Space Research Institute (IT)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR)
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (FR)
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio
- Fondazione ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing
- Flatiron Institute (US)
- Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (FR)
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (NL)
- University College London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- New York University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Saint Mary's University (CA)
- University of Chile (CL)
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (DE)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of the Western Cape (ZA)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Université Grenoble Alpes (FR)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Aalto University (FI)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2024-12-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451683
- Citations
- 3
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.99
Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- European Space Agency
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Agenția Spațială Română
- Norsk Romsenter
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación