A nested sequence of inequivalent Rindler vacua : universal relic thermality of Planckian origin

Abstract The Bogoliubov transformation connecting the standard inertial frame mode functions to the standard mode functions defined in the Rindler frame R 0 , leads to the result that the inertial vacuum appears as a thermal state with temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where a 0 is the acceleration parameter of R 0 . We construct an infinite family of nested Rindler-like coordinate systems <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> within the right Rindler wedge, with time coordinates <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and acceleration parameters <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> by shifting the origin along the inertial x -axis by amounts <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that, apart from the inertial vacuum, the Rindler vacuum of the frame R n also appears to be a thermal state in the frame <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with the temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In fact, the Rindler frame <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> attributes to all the Rindler vacuum states of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , as well as to the inertial vacuum state, the same temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We further show that our result is discontinuous in an essential way in the coordinate shift parameters. For a Rindler frame <

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Journal
Classical and Quantum Gravity
Published
2024-12-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ada2d6
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.12

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article

A nested sequence of inequivalent Rindler vacua : universal relic thermality of Planckian origin

Kinjalk Lochan, Τ. Padmanabhan
4 citations
Classical and Quantum Gravity
Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
1.12
article

A nested sequence of inequivalent Rindler vacua : universal relic thermality of Planckian origin

Kinjalk Lochan, Τ. Padmanabhan
article en
4 citations

Abstract

Abstract The Bogoliubov transformation connecting the standard inertial frame mode functions to the standard mode functions defined in the Rindler frame R 0 , leads to the result that the inertial vacuum appears as a thermal state with temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where a 0 is the acceleration parameter of R 0 . We construct an infinite family of nested Rindler-like coordinate systems <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> within the right Rindler wedge, with time coordinates <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and acceleration parameters <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> by shifting the origin along the inertial x -axis by amounts <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that, apart from the inertial vacuum, the Rindler vacuum of the frame R n also appears to be a thermal state in the frame <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with the temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In fact, the Rindler frame <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> attributes to all the Rindler vacuum states of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , as well as to the inertial vacuum state, the same temperature <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We further show that our result is discontinuous in an essential way in the coordinate shift parameters. For a Rindler frame <

Classical and Quantum GravityVol. 42(3)
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IN), Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IN)
Science and Engineering Research Board
Openalex Percentile: Top 22%
Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
1.12
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