Obesity: Pathophysiology, Health Implications, and Therapeutic Interventions

Obesity is a significant health issue defined by the excessive accumulation of fat that poses serious health risks. A Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeding 24 is categorised as overweight, while a BMI over 30 is considered obese. Obesity is a major contributor to various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular issues such as heart disease and stroke, which rank among the leading causes of death globally. Currently, more than 800 million people worldwide are living with obesity, and the medical expenses related to this condition are expected to surpass $1 trillion by 2025. Furthermore, individuals with obesity face twice the likelihood of hospitalization if they test positive for COVID-19. The weight loss industry plays a significant role in the overall revenue of the dietary supplements market. Anti-obesity medications act as pharmacological agents aimed at reducing or managing body weight. These drugs can alter essential physiological processes involved in weight regulation by affecting either appetite or calorie absorption. Effective management of obesity is vital to reduce its health consequences and associated financial burdens.