Distribution and Long-Term Variation of Wetland Land Cover Types in the Yellow River Delta Remote Sensing Monitoring

Wetlands are dubbed the “kidneys of the earth” and are involved in climate regulation, carbon sequestration, ecological balance preservation, and reducing the surface water pollution. Ongoing economic development has introduced pressing challenges to wetland environments. In this context, extracting coastal wetland information and monitoring the dynamic changes are essential. Using long-term sequence Sentinel-2 satellite remote sensing images and field observations, this research proposed a Dynamic Bayesian Network classification model framework based on conjugate gradient updates. We compared the wetland feature extraction effects of the Fletcher–Reeves and the Polak–Ribière–Polyak algorithms of the conjugate gradient. Then, remote sensing combined with the FRDBN classification model was used to extract the information pertinent to wetland feature types and changes in wetland areas and analyze alterations in the distribution characteristics of land cover types. The results showed that the FRDBN model achieved high accuracy (above 96%), and kappa coefficients exceeded 0.96. Long-term monitoring revealed that the area of wetlands increased by 0.85 × 104 hm2 from 2016 to 2021. Non-aquatic land cover types exhibited pronounced dynamic changes, with the area of change representing 58–69% of the monitored total. Specifically, the transition between salt marsh vegetation and artificial wetlands was relatively obvious. The FRDBN model provides a new method for extracting wetland feature information. Wetland protection, dynamic monitoring, and carbon sink research can provide robust technology support, facilitating investigations into coastal salt marsh carbon sinks and technological advances in carbon sink assessment.