Genetic Transformation of Torenia fournieri L. with the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Gene Confers Resistance to Mythimna separata (Walker)

<i>Torenia fournieri</i> L. is a popular ornamental plant in the genus Torenia, widely used in commercial landscaping, especially during the summer. Additionally, Torenia has served as a model ornamental plant in many studies exploring ornamental characteristics and pest control through genetic engineering. To date, no research has been reported on developing insect-resistant Torenia expressing genes from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt). In this study, a recombinant vector carrying the <i>Cry1Ab</i> gene from Bt, pBI121-<i>Cry1Ab</i>, was constructed and transferred into <i>T. fournieri</i> via <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-mediated transformation. A total of 13 shoots survived on the kanamycin selection medium, among which four putative transgenic lines, designated L1, L2, L7, and L11, were molecularly confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis, indicating successful integration of the <i>Cry1Ab</i> gene into the genomes of these lines. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA results further verified the successful expression of the <i>Cry1Ab</i> gene in the leaves of all four transgenic lines. Insect bioassay results demonstrated that all four transgenic lines showed strong resistance to the insect pest, <i>Mythimna separata</i>, with mortality rates ranging from 59.9% to 100.0%, in contrast to a larval mortality rate of 16.2% in the wild-type Torenia. Additionally, these transgenic lines significantly decreased in larval survival rates compared to those fed on wild-type plants. Furthermore, these transgenic lines activated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 12 and 24 h, and catalase (CAT) activity at 72 h, while suppressing SOD activity at 72 h, and peroxidase (POD) activity over time. Our findings indicate that these transgenic lines exhibit high resistance to the insect pest and provide new insights into controlling insect pests in ornamental plants through genetic approaches.