Harnessing endophytes: Advanced insights into nutrient acquisition and plant growth enhancement

The rapid growth of the global population and the rising demand for sustainable agriculture have intensified interest in eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. While synthetic fertilizers effectively boost crop yields, they seriously threaten soil health, human well-being and environmental stability. Researchers are increasingly exploring microbial solutions such as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Among these, endophytes-microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing harm-show considerable promise. Recent studies underscore the critical role of endophytes, both rhizobial and nonrhizobial, in improving nutrient use efficiency, promoting plant growth and enhancing resistance to pests, diseases and environmental stresses. However, despite these advancements, significant knowledge gaps remain concerning the mechanisms through which endophytes facilitate macro- and micronutrient acquisition. This review seeks to clarify these mechanisms and highlights the need for more extensive research to fully understand the functional dynamics of endophytes in nutrient acquisition and their potential to support sustainable agricultural practices.