Decellularized Green and Brown Macroalgae as Cellulose Matrices for Tissue Engineering

Scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide structural support for cells in the engineering of tissue constructs. Various material sources and fabrication techniques have been employed in scaffold production. Cellulose-based matrices are of interest due to their abundant supply, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and biological inertness. Terrestrial and marine plants offer diverse morphologies that can replicate the ECM of various tissues and be isolated through decellularization protocols. In this study, three marine macroalgae species-namely <i>Durvillaea poha</i>, <i>Ulva lactuca</i>, and <i>Ecklonia radiata</i>-were selected for their morphological variation. Low-intensity, chemical treatments were developed for each species to maintain native cellulose structures within the matrices while facilitating the clearance of DNA and pigment. Scaffolds generated from each seaweed species were non-toxic for human dermal fibroblasts but only the fibrous inner layer of those derived from <i>E. radiata</i> supported cell attachment and maturation over the seven days of culture. These findings demonstrate the potential of <i>E. radiata</i>-derived cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and highlight the influence of macroalgae ECM structures on decellularization efficiency, cellulose matrix properties, and scaffold utility.