Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by <i>Fermi</i>-LAT and MAGIC

Context. The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of Fermi -LAT data with an emphasis on the spatial and spectral properties of W44 and its surroundings. We also report the results of the observations performed with the MAGIC telescopes of the northwestern region of W44. Finally, we present an interpretation model to explain the gamma-ray emission of the SNR and its surroundings. Methods. We first performed a detailed spatial analysis of 12 years of Fermi -LAT data at energies above 1 GeV, in order to exploit the better angular resolution, while we set a threshold of 100 MeV for the spectral analysis. We performed a likelihood analysis of 174 hours of MAGIC data above 130 GeV using the spatial information obtained with Fermi -LAT. Results. The combined spectra of Fermi -LAT and MAGIC, extending from 100 MeV to several TeV, were used to derive constraints on the escape of CRs. Using a time-dependent model to describe the particle acceleration and escape from the SNR, we show that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles has to be ≃40 GeV. However, our gamma-ray data suggest that a small number of lower-energy particles also needs to escape. We propose a novel model, the broken-shock scenario, to account for this effect and explain the gamma-ray emission.

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Publication Details

Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2024-12-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449748
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.32

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article

Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi-LAT and MAGIC

F. Leone, J. Sitarek, G. Busetto, D. Sobczyńska et al.
2 citations
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
1.32
article

Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi-LAT and MAGIC

F. Leone, J. Sitarek, G. Busetto, D. Sobczyńska, K. Satalecka, K. Schmidt, F. Schmuckermaier, N. Mang, Marine Pihet, S. Mender, M. Mariotti, E. Molina, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, C. Bigongiari, Juliane van Scherpenberg, Yoshiki Ohtani, S. Abe, P. Temnikov, M. Delfino, C. Delgado Mendez, Jarred Gershon Green, Daniel Morcuende, S. Paiano, J. Abhir, U. Barres de Almeida, E. Bernardini, P. Majumdar, F. Podobnik, D. Miceli, R. Paoletti, D. Cerasole, R. Grau, J. A. Barrio, R. Walter, A. Bautista, J. Otero-Santos, G. Maneva, J. Jormanainen, E. Do Souto Espiñeira, Andrés Baquero, O. Blanch, M. Carretero-Castrillo, E. Prandini, A. Donini, L. Font, A. Fattorini, Takayuki Yamamoto, T. Miener, T. Njoh Ekoume, T. Kayanoki, F. Di Pierro, N. Sahakyan, Sofia Ventura, V. Sliusar, I. Agudo, Antonio Tutone, V. A. Acciari, Lara Nava, A. Del Popolo, A. Moralejo, T. Aniello, R. Carosi, R. Takeishi, D. Mazin, M. Nievas Rosillo, J. Kushida, Martin Will, V. Neustroev, E. Bissaldi, H. Kubo, M. Garczarczyk, J. Delgado, Sofia Suutarinen, C. Nanci, Santiago Ubach, A. Lorini, C. Wunderlich, M. Doro, A. Berti, Giovanni Morlino, G. Bonnoli, R. de Menezes, L. Foffano, A. Stamerra, K. Noda, A. Chilingarian, S. Lombardi, M. Gaug, J. Escudero, Tatsuhiko Saito, Gabriella Silvestri, S. Menchiari, J. Cortina, T. Hassan, W. Rhode, S. Covino, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, Ievgen Vovk, Katsuaki Asano, Raniere de Menezes, C. Arcaro, L. Linhoff, D. Elsäesser, S. Ansoldi, Y. Fukazawa, S. Gasparyan, S. Loporchio, Ilaria Viale, G. Pirola, M. Manganaro, D. Paneque, A. Sciaccaluga, A. Cifuentes, L. Heckmann, Yating Chai, C. Priyadarshi, J. M. Miranda, E. Lyard, M. Persic, Chiara Righi, N. Giglietto, A. Okumura, P. Gliwny, M. Peresano, L. A. Antonelli, J. Baxter, R. Imazawa, J. Bernete, E. Bronzini, A. Campoy-Ordaz, T. Gradetzke, J. Becerra González, Y. Suda, F. Giordano, Hiroyasu Tajima, S. Nozaki, D. Strom, Kazuma Ishio, A. Biland, R. López-Coto, A. Abhishek, Y. Kobayashi, A. Lamastra, G. Ceribella, I. Batkovi'c, R. Di Tria, M. Palatiello, K. Terauchi, A. Carosi, F. Dazzi, P. Da Vela, R. Mirzoyan, K. Mannheim, W. Bednarek, J. Besenrieder, V. Vitale, T. Nakamori, A. De Angelis, Gabriel Emery, S. Truzzi, J. Rico, A. Hahn, M. Strzys, Francesco Longo, G. Principe, C Nigro, A. Spolon, B. Schleicher, I. Burelli, L. Di Venere, A. Arbet Engels, A. Babić, S. Mangano, E. Lindfors, L. Nickel, D. Hadasch, D. Hrupec, T. Schweizer, M. Takahashi, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, M. Makariev, J. Herrera, K. Nishijima, D. Dorner, M. Teshima, E. Colombo, D. Kerszberg, M. Vázquez Acosta, Ž. Bo
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Context. The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of Fermi -LAT data with an emphasis on the spatial and spectral properties of W44 and its surroundings. We also report the results of the observations performed with the MAGIC telescopes of the northwestern region of W44. Finally, we present an interpretation model to explain the gamma-ray emission of the SNR and its surroundings. Methods. We first performed a detailed spatial analysis of 12 years of Fermi -LAT data at energies above 1 GeV, in order to exploit the better angular resolution, while we set a threshold of 100 MeV for the spectral analysis. We performed a likelihood analysis of 174 hours of MAGIC data above 130 GeV using the spatial information obtained with Fermi -LAT. Results. The combined spectra of Fermi -LAT and MAGIC, extending from 100 MeV to several TeV, were used to derive constraints on the escape of CRs. Using a time-dependent model to describe the particle acceleration and escape from the SNR, we show that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles has to be ≃40 GeV. However, our gamma-ray data suggest that a small number of lower-energy particles also needs to escape. We propose a novel model, the broken-shock scenario, to account for this effect and explain the gamma-ray emission.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 693
U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vetenskapsrådet, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
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Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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