Risk factors for breast cancer among women reporting government tertiary care hospitals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Southern India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women globally and a major cause of cancer-related deaths, with 12% of women at risk during their lifetime. By 2030, global cases are projected to exceed 2 million annually, with India potentially reaching 200,000 cases per year. In India, breast cancer accounts for 13.5% of new cases and 10.6% of cancer deaths, being the most common in urban areas and the second most common in rural areas. Tamil Nadu has a high breast cancer burden, with the second-highest rate of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). This study aims to analyze the risk factors contributing to high incidence and burden of breast cancer in Tamil Nadu. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted from October 2021 to May 2022, involved five tertiary healthcare institutions in Chennai. Using a purposive sampling technique, 48 women diagnosed with breast cancer, from stage 0 to 4, were recruited. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Results: Participants were predominantly aged 41-50 years (35.4%) and from Northern Tamil Nadu (43.7%), with equal representation from rural and urban areas (50% each). Most were homemakers (58.3%) with a family income between ₹ 5,000-15,000 (58.3%). Significant risk factors included increasing age (OR=3.89), lower income (OR=3.35), and perceived importance of health (OR=2.09). Conclusions: Increasing age, lower income, and general health importance are significant risk factors for breast cancer in Tamil Nadu. Enhanced screening programs, socioeconomic support, and health education initiatives are recommended to improve early detection and management.