Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Health: An Overview of Basic Concepts, Severe and Subjective Exposure Effects and Mechanism of Action

The increasing use of electricity and technology has significantly increased human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. These fields, emanating from both natural phenomena and human sources, operate within a range of 3 to 300 Hz. While the low energy transmission of ELF-EMFs suggests a limited potential for causing biological effects, prolonged exposure has raised concerns about possible health implications. This review aims to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the biological effects and health outcomes associated with ELF-EMFs. The objectives of this review are threefold: 1) to analyze the biological interactions of ELF-EMFs, including mechanisms such as enzyme modulation, antioxidant and inflammation pathways, stress responses, gene expression, and impacts on the immune system; 2) to critically assess the evidence regarding ELF-EMF exposure and its potential health outcomes such as oxidative stress, childhood leukemia, neurodegenerative diseases, and reproductive health; and 3) to identify gaps in the existing research and provide recommendations for future studies aimed at elucidating ELF-EMFs mechanisms of action and clarifying their health implications.