Prostanoid signaling in retinal cells elicits inflammatory responses relevant to early-stage diabetic retinopathy

Inflammation is a critical driver of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention before irreversible damage and vision loss associated with later stages of DR ensue. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown mixed efficacy in slowing early DR progression, notably including severe adverse side effects likely due to their nonselective inhibition of all downstream signaling intermediates. In this study, we investigated the role of prostanoids, the downstream signaling lipids whose production is inhibited by NSAIDs, in promoting inflammation relevant to early-stage DR in two human retinal cell types: Müller glia and retinal microvascular endothelial cells. When cultured in multiple conditions modeling distinct aspects of systemic diabetes, Müller glia significantly increased production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), whereas retinal endothelial cells significantly increased production of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α). Müller glia stimulated with PGE₂ or PGF_2α increased proinflammatory cytokine levels dose-dependently. These effects were blocked by selective antagonists to the EP2 receptor of PGE₂ or the FP receptor of PGF_2α, respectively. In contrast, only PGF_2α stimulated adhesion molecule expression in retinal endothelial cells and leukocyte adhesion to cultured endothelial monolayers, effects that were fully prevented by FP receptor antagonist treatment. Together these results identify PGE₂-EP2 and PGF_2α-FP signaling as novel, selective targets for future studies and therapeutic development to mitigate or prevent retinal inflammation characteristic of early-stage DR.