Effects of Oregano Essential Oil and/or Yeast Cultures on the Rumen Microbiota of Crossbred Simmental Calves

This study hypothesized that combining oregano essential oil (<b>OEO</b>) and yeast cultures (<b>YC</b>s) would modulate rumen microbiota to promote gastrointestinal homeostasis and function. Twenty-four newborn, healthy, disease-free, crossbred Simmental male calves (birth weight ≥ 35 kg) were assigned to one of four treatments based on birth data. Treatments were as follows: (1) Control (<b>CON</b>), calves fed calf starter without additives; (2) <b>OEO</b>, calves fed calf starter containing 60 mg/kg body weight (<b>BW</b>) of OEO per day; (3) <b>YC</b>s, calves fed calf starter containing 45 mg/kg BW of YC per day; and (4) <b>MIX</b>, calves fed calf starter with OEO (60 mg/kg, BW) and YC (45 mg/kg, BW) combination. The experimental period lasted 70 days. Rumen fluid was collected on the final day, and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to assess alterations in rumen microbiota. Calves fed MIX exhibited significantly greater microbial richness, species diversity, and lineage diversity (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared with calves in the other groups. MIX-fed calves also showed changes (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the relative abundance of certain rumen species, identified as through LEfSe analysis (LDA > 4, <i>p</i> < 0.05). These biomarkers included <i>f_Rikenellaceae</i>, <i>g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group</i>, <i>g_Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002</i>, <i>c_Saccharimonadia</i>, <i>o_Saccharimonadales</i>, <i>f_Saccharimonadaceae</i>, and <i>g_Candidatus_Saccharimonas.</i> Pathways enriched (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in MIX-fed calves involved nucleotide metabolism, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, terpenoids and polyketides metabolism, antimicrobial drug resistance, xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, antineoplastic drug resistance, and excretory system pathways. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the OEO and YC combination enhances rumen microbial community modulation in calves more effectively than OEO or YCs fed individually or with the control diet.