Exploring the Impact of IL-33 Gene Polymorphism (rs1929992) on Susceptibility to Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and Its Association with Serum Interleukin-33 Levels

Urticaria is a debilitating skin condition affecting up to 20% of the global population, characterized by erythematous, maculopapular lesions and significant quality of life impairment. This study focused on the role of interleukin 33 (IL-33) and its polymorphisms, particularly SNP <i>rs1929992</i>, in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Using demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from CSU patients and controls, we estimated allele and genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium condition, and serum IL-33 levels, using unconditional binomial logistic regression for association analysis. Results revealed that CSU patients had significantly higher frequencies of the minor allele of IL-33 <i>rs1929992</i> compared to controls (31.25% vs. 17.35%, <i>p</i> = 0.024), and carriers of the GA genotype exhibited increased odds of CSU (adjusted OR = 2.208, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). Additionally, serum IL-33 levels were markedly elevated in CSU patients, particularly those with the GA genotype. The findings suggest that the IL-33 SNP is associated with an increased susceptibility to CSU, emphasizing its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker. This study underscores the genetic and immunological underpinnings of CSU, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches.