Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica in milk along the supply chain, humans, and the environment in Woliata Sodo, Ethiopia

The study findings showed the occurrence of a considerable proportion of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica across all sample sources, indicating potential transmission risks between cattle and humans via milk, and the milking environment. The alarming multidrug-resistant strains limit treatment options and complicate pathogen control. To prevent transmission and spread of antimicrobial resistant pathogen, proper hygiene practices, public education, and antimicrobial stewardship are essential. These measures will help ensure the safety of milk and dairy products. Further research on genetic relatedness among isolates, quantifying public health risks of milk consumption, and cost-effective intervention options is needed to reduce Salmonella-related morbidity and mortality.