Cognitive Psychology of Executive Functions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities in Japan

This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature on the cognitive psychology of executive functions in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in Japan. Specifically, it highlights research by Japanese scholars, in line with the theme of the special issue titled “Special Education in Japan.” The paper begins by defining the concept and components of executive functions. Subsequently, it contextualizes executive functions within the realm of intellectual disability research, considering both the limitations of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which serve as diagnostic criteria for IDs. An overview of Japanese research on executive functions in this population is also provided, addressing essential questions, such as the nature of impairments in executive functions, their relationship with adaptive behavior and academic skills, and potential intervention strategies. In conclusion, this research outlines future research directions to promote self-reliance and social participation among individuals with IDs.