Transition to a friendly neighbor: Saudi Arabia's Aid Odyssey

This study analyzes the evolution of Saudi Arabia’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy by dividing it into two distinct periods: before and after 2015. To identify the key factors driving these changes, the 3i framework (ideas, interests, and institutions) is applied. By examining how different influences shaped ODA policy in each period, this research highlights a shift from a religiously-driven aid model to one increasingly influenced by economic and geopolitical considerations. The study also emphasizes the role of Saudi leadership, particularly through Vision 2030, and the adaptation of institutional frameworks to a changing global context. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the ODA strategies employed by non-traditional donor countries like Saudi Arabia and provides insights into its growing role in the global donor community.