The Dynamic Effects of Tourists and Tourism on Carbon Emissions in Indonesia

This study examines the short-and long-run effects of expenditure, tourists, the tourism sector, and AVTUR on the carbon emissions in Indonesia. The quarterly data are used to estimate the autoregressive distributed lag model in the study. The results show that in the short-run expenditure, tourists and AVTUR have positive and significant effects, while the tourism sector has adverse and significant effects on carbon emissions. Furthermore, in the long run, only AVTUR has positive and significant effects on carbon emissions, and other variables have adverse and significant effects. Policymakers should encourage friendly tourism to protect environmental quality and achieve optimal economic contributions.