Understanding the Multifaceted Factors Contributing to Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based Narrative Review

Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are among the most prevalent chronic neurodevelopmental conditions, typically manifesting early in life. They are characterized by challenges in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. One of the key features of ASD is its heterogeneity, which indicates a broad spectrum of presentations and predisposing factors. Despite the numerous associated factors that have been studied and proposed to influence the etiology of ASD, the exact cause has not yet been determined. In this work, we undertake a thorough evidence-based study of the risk factors based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis from current literature. We examine the complexity and diversity of genetic risk factors associated with ASD to highlight the wide range of genetic variations and alterations implicated in the development of the condition. Furthermore, we consider familial risk factors and environmental influences, including pre-conception and prenatal factors, obstetrics-related conditions, and early childhood environmental risks. Identifying the at-risk population provides valuable insights for improving understanding, raising awareness, and supporting primary prevention efforts.