The causal relationship of cigarette smoking to metabolic disease risk and the possible mediating role of gut microbiota

This work offered genetic evidence linking cigarette smoke to metabolic diseases, suggesting that the gut microbiota, particularly paraprevotella_clara, might be a crucial mediator in the development of type 2 diabetes caused by cigarette smoke. Our future studies should consider conducting other ethnic groups MR analyses, particularly with larger sample sizes. Still, more in vivo and in vitro work should be carried out to validate the precise effect and molecular mechanisms of the gut microbiome.