Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance and Related Skin Diseases ( Review Article)

Insulin resistance is a condition characterized by decreased sensitivity of insulin-targeting tissues to elevated physiological hormone levels. The liver secretes glucose into the blood during a fast in order to sustain euglycemia and supply energy to tissues that require glucose. Insulin released by pancreatic β-cells stimulates anabolism and inhibits catabolic processes following food consumption. Insulin resistance may be due to inherited, acquired, and mixed causes. Skeletal muscle, the liver, and adipose tissue are the three main locations of insulin resistance. Up to 70% of tissue glucose absorption occurs in muscle, Energy substrates must be processed by the liver. lipolysis is insulin-sensitive. Moreover, insulin plays a critical role in skin physiology and homeostasis, while its precise involvement in insulin signaling is still up for debate. In a healthy state, insulin controls the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, which is necessary for the development of the epidermal structure. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines stimulate p38 Mitogen activated protein kinases in chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., acne or psoriasis).