Exploring the phylogenetic framework and trait evolution of Impatiens through chloroplast genome analysis

Our study largely supported the family-level taxonomic treatment of Impatiens species in China and demonstrated the utility of whole chloroplast genome sequences for phylogenetic resolution. Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes of Impatiens facilitated the development of molecular markers.The results of ancestral trait reconstruction showed that the ancestor type of habit was perennial, the number of sepals was 4, and morphology and number of aperture was 3 colpus. The traits of capsule shape, flower colour, and spur length underwent a complex evolutionary process. Our results provided data support for further studies and some important new insights into the evolution of the Impatiens.