Population genomics reveals the genetic diversity and evolution of the sexual dimorphism of Temminck’s tragopan (Tragopan temminckii)

Abstract Recent advances in whole-genome sequencing technologies have shown potential for establishing a genomic-level evolutionary process framework for avian species. In this study, a comprehensive whole-genome resequencing approach was employed to generate genome-wide data from 12 individuals of Temminck’s tragopan ( Tragopan temminckii ), a species under imminent threat and experiencing rapid decline due to habitat fragmentation and loss in China. Population genomic analyses indicated significant genetic diversity and increased linkage disequilibrium in Temminck’s tragopan, despite habitat fragmentation. It was further suggested that the historical population dynamics of Temminck’s tragopan from the western Sichuan Plateau was influenced by glacial climatic events and anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, male-specific developmental pathways, particularly those related to the androgen receptor and associated genes, were found to contribute to the observed sexual dimorphism in Temminck’s tragopan. These findings establish a preliminary basis for comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of Temminck’s tragopan.