“Integrating planetary boundaries into sustainable space exploration: An earth-outer space system design framework”

This study proposes the integration of outer space, particularly orbital spaces, within the Earth Planetary Boundaries (EPB) framework, recognizing the increasing environmental implications of human activities beyond Earth's atmosphere. Through a transdisciplinary approach combining Socio-Ecological-Technical Systems (SETS) analysis, System Architecture methodologies, and legal theory, we examine how orbital activities affect both space and terrestrial environments. Our study incorporates recent developments in international law, particularly the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Advisory Opinion on the Request submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS) (Case No. 31). It argues for regime integration in outer space law in reference to the ITLOS interpretation of State obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (‘UNCLOS') to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment in relation to the deleterious effects that result or are likely to result from climate change for regime integration and a precautionary approach in outer space law. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for a transdisciplinary, cooperative approach to understand and manage the long-term consequences of anthropogenic activities in outer space and their impact on the Earth System. • Outer space activities affect Earth System Boundaries. • Outer space sustainability needs to take place in conjunction with sustainability of the Earth System. • Law is a complex social and adaptive system that can adapt to change over time. • Interpretation of international law of outer space through regime integration.