Nanotechnology in cancer: advancements in treatment and detection—a review

Abstract Cancer, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells capable of invading surrounding tissues and metastasis, is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy often encounter challenges such as limited specificity, drug resistance, and significant side effects. Nanotechnology offers promising advancements in both cancer treatment and diagnosis. Nanoparticles (NPs) represent a breakthrough in cancer treatment because they target tumors precisely, improve drug delivery, and enhance imaging techniques. These nanoscale materials have the potential to reduce side effects and overcome drug resistance, thus boosting the therapeutic effectiveness. Additionally, NPs play a critical role in early cancer detection and metastasis imaging. This review examines how nanotechnology enhances cancer cell eradication, supports immunotherapy, and advances drug delivery systems. Ongoing research in nanoparticle production and multifunctional nano-platforms highlights the potential of nanomedicine to transform cancer therapy, paving the way for personalized and highly effective treatment approaches.