Vegetation–soil–microbiota dynamics across a 50-year reconstructed grassland chronosequence on the Loess Plateau of China

Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) establishment is an effective strategy for grassland reconstruction in degraded ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying vegetation succession in reconstructed grasslands following alfalfa establishment remain elusive. In this study, we investigated vegetation community, soil quality and rhizosphere microbiota dynamics across a reconstructed grassland chronosequence in the loess region of Northwest China. A space-for-time substitution method was used to evaluate grassland vegetation coverage and alfalfa production performance in nine stands of different ages (1-50 years old). High-throughput sequencing was conducted to characterise rhizosphere microbial communities associated with alfalfa. The plant heights, yields and stem-to-leaf ratios of alfalfa all peaked in the 7-year-old stand and then decreased in older stands, with <i>Stipa bungeana</i> replacing alfalfa as the dominant species in the 50-year-old stand. Soil bulk density and major nutrient contents were highest in the artificial grassland (1-10 years). Soil enzyme activities (<i>e.g</i>., urease and sucrase) were enhanced in the transitional grassland (10-30 years), accompanied by enrichment of potentially beneficial microbial taxa (<i>e.g</i>., Actinobacteria and <i>Mortierella</i>) and functional fungi (<i>e.g</i>., saprotrophs and symbiotrophs) in the rhizosphere. Soil water content, total porosity and rhizosphere microbial diversity reached their maximum levels in the natural grassland (>30 years). The results indicate that alfalfa establishment alters soil structure and nutrient status in the short term, creating an optimal rhizosphere micro-environment. The improved soil conditions and rhizosphere microbiota are favourable for subsequent establishment of native grass species, leading to the formation of a stable semi-natural grasslands.