Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells: From Current Fabrication Methodologies to Their Future Commercialization at Low Cost

Carbon electrodes are increasingly recognized as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, durable, and scalable alternative to metal electrodes in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review focuses on carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs), specifically examining their stability and efficiency through the innovative use of interfacial engineering. For efficiency enhancement, the review highlights recent advancements in C-PSCs fabrication techniques. Additionally, various approaches for producing C-PSCs with large active areas are summarized. The review concludes by discussing current challenges and potential opportunities for advancing high-performance C-PSCs. This comprehensive study aims to offer a detailed understanding of the progress in C-PSCs, illuminate the evolving landscape of renewable energy technologies, and foster the development of further breakthroughs in the field.