The spatio-temporal distribution status of snow leopard and reproducing females detection in Baltistan

The understanding the spatial distribution status and reproduction as well as individual identification and communication behaviour of an endangered species assessment is essential for the species population dynamics, human activities such as changes in land use, overgrazing, poaching, retaliatory killings and the fur trade are causing a rapid decline in the habitats of apex predators worldwide. Studying communication behaviours and observing cubs in their natural habitat present challenges. A comprehensive 8-year research project (2015–2023) in northern Pakistan utilized 139 motion-triggered cameras strategically placed to capture leopard behaviours documenting a total of 330 events within each study sites and recording videos of snow leopard cubs with their mother. Additionally, preliminary reproducing females snow leopard were observed across different study sites with 10 adult and sub-adult cubs, four reproducing females and three adult males snow leopard being identified. The first-time detection of rare photographic events like communication behaviour and activity using camera traps is significant tools for future conservation. The documentation of snow leopard reproductive behaviors in Northern Pakistan from 2015 to 2023 has broad implications for conservation and understanding of these magnificent creature.