Effect of Protecting Groups and Activating Conditions on 3-Deoxy-<scp>d</scp>-<i>glycero</i>-<scp>d</scp>-<i>galacto</i>-2-nonulosonic Acid (Kdn) Glycosylation: Stereoselective Synthesis of α- and β-Kdn Glycosides

Kdn is a common member of the sialic acid family. Carbohydrates containing Kdn residues are widely distributed in nature and embody important biological information. However, the methods for synthesizing Kdn glycosides are limited, which restricts their biological study. In this paper, we developed efficient α- and β-stereoselective Kdn glycosylation methods by employing differentially protected Kdn thioglycoside donors under their respective activating protocols. The 5,7-<i>O</i>-carbonate fused Kdn thioglycoside <b>1a</b> could be promoted with NIS/TfOH (cat.) in CH₂Cl₂/CH₃CN (2:1) to afford Kdn glycosides with excellent α-selectivity in high yields. Meanwhile, based on the Ph₂SO/Tf₂O preactivation strategy, the nonfused Kdn thioglycoside <b>1b</b> behaved as a high-yielding and β-selective donor to couple with various carbohydrate alcohols, leading to formation of β-Kdn glycosides. The synthetic utility of these newly developed glycosyl donors has been demonstrated by the stereoselective and straightforward assembly of two natural Kdn-containing oligosaccharides.