Life Cycle Transitions in the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii

<i>Craspedacusta sowerbii</i> is an invasive hydrozoan found globally in freshwater habitats. <i>C. sowerbii</i> has a complex life cycle that includes benthic, pelagic, dispersal and dormant stages. The distribution of the medusa (jellyfish) stage has been well documented, but little is known about the other life cycle stages, which are suggested to be more widespread. In addition, the conditions required for growth, reproduction and dispersal of the different life cycle stages, as well as the environmental cues that regulate life cycle transitions, are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory conditions for growth of, and transition to, different life cycle stages in order to improve our ability to culture all life cycle stages of <i>C. sowerbii</i>. In addition, insight into the environmental triggers that promote life cycle transitions will enable us to better predict the potential negative effects <i>C. sowerbii</i> could impose on freshwater ecosystems.