Tracing Malaria Incidence across West and East Africa: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Trends, Influences, and Regional Differences

This review provides a comparative historical analysis of malaria incidence across West and East Africa, focusing on the unique trends, environmental influences, and socio-political conditions that shape malaria transmission dynamics in these regions. While malaria poses a pervasive public health burden across Africa, West and East Africa differ significantly in terms of climate, healthcare infrastructure, socio-economic status, and malaria control strategies, each influencing regional patterns of malaria incidence. West Africa’s tropical climate fosters year-round transmission, while East Africa, with its diverse topography, experiences seasonal and altitudinal variations in transmission patterns. Historical approaches to malaria control in both regions reveal numerous challenges, including limited healthcare access, economic constraints, and socio-political instability, all of which have impacted the effectiveness of interventions. Through comparative analysis, this review examines the successes and limitations of past and current malaria control efforts, emphasizing the need for region-specific approaches that address climate-adapted interventions, insecticide and drug resistance management, community engagement, and sustainable funding. By analyzing historical and contemporary malaria control strategies, this review highlights best practices and challenges, offering insights for future policies aimed at reducing malaria incidence sustainably and advancing regional public health. Keywords: Malaria incidence, West Africa, East Africa, malaria transmission, public health.