Driving factors of CO2 emissions in South American countries: An application of Seemingly Unrelated Regression model

Carbon emissions have become a critical concern in the global effort to combat climate change, with each country or region contributing differently based on its economic structures, energy sources, and industrial activities. The factors influencing carbon emissions vary across countries and sectors. This study examined the factors influencing CO 2 emissions in the 7 South American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. We used the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model to analyse the relationship of CO 2 emissions with gross domestic product (GDP), renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, international tourism, agricultural productivity, and forest area based on data from 2000 to 2022. According to the SUR model, we found that GDP and industrialization had a moderate positive effect on CO 2 emissions, whereas renewable energy use had a moderate negative effect on CO 2 emissions. International tourism generally had a positive impact on CO 2 emissions, while forest area tended to decrease CO 2 emissions. Different variables had different effects on CO 2 emissions in the 7 South American countries. In Argentina and Venezuela, GDP, international tourism, and agricultural productivity significantly affected CO 2 emissions. In Colombia, GDP and international tourism had a negative impact on CO 2 emissions. In Brazil, CO 2 emissions were primarily driven by GDP, while in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, international tourism had a negative effect on CO 2 emissions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of country-specific strategies for reducing CO 2 emissions and emphasizes the varying roles of these driving factors in shaping environmental quality in the 7 South American countries.