Assessing environmental degradation and restoration: A case study of the Penjom Mine in Malaysia

Abstract In Malaysia, where mining safety is paramount, regular mining activities have led to significant environmental pollution despite major accidents being rare. Particularly in the states of Pahang and Kelantan, numerous mines employ open-pit or underground methods for ore extraction. These mining practices, coupled with the discharge of solid waste, inflict environmental harm, lead to land occupation, diminish vegetation cover, and impede plant growth. This study addresses the gap in understanding the extent of environmental degradation and the effectiveness of reclamation efforts in mining areas by utilizing remote sensing indicators. Specifically, it focuses on Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) to assess the environmental impact at the Penjom Mine in Pahang from 2009 to 2021. The findings reveal that between 2009 and 2015, the expansion of Penjom Mine reduced vegetation cover and hindered plant growth. However, substantial environmental restoration and land reclamation efforts post-2015 have led to improved vegetation cover and recovery of plant growth by 2021. This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and effective environmental management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of mining and promote ecological restoration.