Enhancing flood detection and estimation in Johor, Malaysia, during December 2014: Leveraging the power of google earth engine and microwave sensors

Abstract Floods in Malaysia provide a significant hazard, affecting approximately 22% of the population and endangering vast regions, particularly Johor, which contains the largest number of river basins prone to flooding. This study employs the functionalities of Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology to improve the identification and assessment of floods in all 189 river basins across the country. These river basins encompass an area of around 29,800 km 2 that is susceptible to flooding. By incorporating these cutting-edge technologies, we tackle major obstacles presented by conventional flood monitoring systems, such as delayed data transmission, restricted geographical scope, and disruption caused by cloud cover, which frequently impede efficient flood control. Our approach utilizes the Google Earth Engine (GEE) for processing data in real-time and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for its ability to perform well in areas with frequent cloud cover. This combination allows us to achieve extensive coverage and enhanced accuracy. The results indicate that combining Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) can greatly improve the speed and efficiency of flood monitoring. Stakeholders should incorporate these technologies into current disaster management frameworks to strengthen flood response tactics. This will provide decision-makers with accurate and practical flood data. Adopting a proactive strategy is crucial in enhancing disaster preparedness and reducing the significant consequences of floods in Malaysia.