Brucellosis in Iraq: A comprehensive overview of public health and agricultural challenges

Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease that poses serious health and economic challenges, particularly in areas where humans and animals interact closely. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology of brucellosis, the host species it affects, and the diagnostic methods used in various regions of Iraq. Data from 36 reports from 1979 to 2023 reveal a total of 5,663 human cases, with a prevalence of 36.28%, and 12,227 animal cases, with a prevalence of 10.97%. Analysis shows that human cases are more prevalent among females (37.94%) compared to males (20.85%). The highest prevalence was found in animals, such as stray dogs (39.25%) and buffaloes (13.79%). These findings emphasize the need for enhanced diagnostic and control measures, particularly in high-risk groups and regions. The primary diagnostic methods include the Rose Bengal Test (RBT), which is further confirmed by ELISA and PCR. Identifying Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus highlights the necessity for targeted interventions to control brucellosis transmission.