Effectiveness of PlantbiotiX formulations as biological solutions for root-knot nematode in bitter gourd

The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major pest that adversely affects bitter gourd production in India. Conventional chemical control methods, though effective, raise economic and environmental concerns, making it necessary to adopt integrated nematode management (INM) strategies. This study evaluates the bio-efficacy of PlantbiotiX formulations, including Bacillus. paralicheniformis 5 % WP ZBM5, Bacillus subtilis 2 % SP ZB87 ½, and Xplorer Glory (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza), for controlling root-knot nematodes in bitter gourd. Pot culture and field experiments were performed using various concentrations and application methods of PlantbiotiX formulations . Results revealed significant improvements in plant growth parameters, including vine length (9.13%), fruit weight (6.27%), number of fruits (25.21%), and yield per plant (36.36%) when B. paralicheniformis 5 % WP ZBM5 and B. subtilis 2 % SP ZB87 ½ were applied in combination. Furthermore, a substantial reduction in nematode populations was observed: soil nematode populations decreased by 72.9%, female nematodes by 65.01%, and egg mass by 60.59%. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of treated roots confirmed biofilm formation by B. paralichiniformis, demonstrating its capability to mitigate nematode infestation. This biofilm likely played a role in reducing nematode penetration and survival in the roots. The study indicates that PlantbiotiX formulations serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly substitute for chemical nematicides, promoting plant growth and efficiently controlling root-knot nematodes, thereby presenting a viable solution for enhancing bitter gourd cultivation while reducing environmental harm.